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  "artifact_policy": "Current records provide formal reports and summarized evidence. Full reproducibility and source-code artifact bundles are deferred until Gray v1.",
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      "id": "GW-2026-0002",
      "slug": "gw-2026-0002",
      "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21632892",
      "doi_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21632892",
      "isbn13": "9798191408583",
      "title": "Sustained Corrected-Latency Qualification of an Integrated Server Language Runtime",
      "subtitle": "A 56-point same-host comparison and one-hour plaintext, JSON, and PostgreSQL operating record for Gray",
      "abstract": "This paper evaluates Gray as an integrated language and server runtime under corrected-latency HTTP load. A digest-pinned, one-CPU comparison exercised equivalent plaintext and native-JSON handlers in Gray Static, Go, Node.js, and PHP across seven requested rates and retained all 56 runtime-route-rate points. Under a declared controlled-delivery criterion of at least 95 percent rate delivery with corrected p99 below 100 ms, Gray's highest point was 60,000 requested requests per second for both routes; Go's was 30,000 for both, Node.js reached 12,000 for plaintext and 20,000 for JSON, and the nginx plus PHP-FPM fixture reached 8,000 for both. Gray delivered 59,259.63 plaintext and 59,257.18 JSON requests per second at the 60,000 points, then visibly crossed its own queueing knee at 75,000. A separate sequential qualification sustained plaintext at 49,997.81/s and JSON at 39,993.57/s for one hour each with corrected p99 of 7.00 ms and 4.09 ms and no sampled steady-state RSS or descriptor growth. The database phase sustained 3,999.85/s but recorded 802.82 ms corrected p99, exposing a blocking wait architecture subsequently replaced by compiler-hidden continuations. The combined record demonstrates that Gray's integrated compiler-runtime path achieved a materially later controlled throughput knee than the compared fixtures on this host while preserving exact-response, resource, and failure gates.",
      "author": {
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    {
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      "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21633225",
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      "isbn13": "9798191410890",
      "title": "Compiler-Hidden PostgreSQL Continuations for Direct-Style Server Programs",
      "subtitle": "Readiness-driven libpq execution without ordinary worker occupation in the Gray runtime",
      "abstract": "This paper presents Gray's compiler-hidden PostgreSQL continuation architecture, which preserves direct source-order database calls while moving connection and query waiting onto readiness-driven runtime state machines. The work responds to a retained one-hour baseline that delivered 3,999.85 requests per second at 4,000 requested but accumulated 802.82 ms corrected p99. The replacement path uses nonblocking libpq connection establishment, parameterized query dispatch, output flushing, input consumption, result draining, cancellation, and connection retirement under a normalized readiness reactor. A rate curve placed the new useful corrected-latency knee between 12,000 and 16,000 requested requests per second. A separate Static qualification with PostgreSQL 16, a 64-connection pool, four wrk2 threads, and 256 persistent HTTP connections delivered 7,961.48/s at 8,000 requested with 1.43 ms corrected p50, 4.60 ms p99, and 8.74 ms p99.9. During load, the runtime exposed as many as 164 simultaneously suspended handlers while using zero general task workers; after completion, active task, worker, and continuation counts returned to zero. Semantic gates covered overlapping queries with one configured task worker, typed errors after resumption, HTTP/2 multiplexing, cancellation and connection replacement, 404/500 behavior, and Adaptive deployment replacement. The result demonstrates that direct-style server code and readiness-driven database concurrency can coexist as one compiler-runtime contract without requiring application-authored polling logic or a worker per blocked handler.",
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      "date_published": "2026-07-26",
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      "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21633227",
      "doi_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21633227",
      "isbn13": "9798191411620",
      "title": "Cancellation-Safe Native Loop Lowering in the Gray Runtime",
      "subtitle": "A 25.918x median end-to-end speedup over Gray VM execution with a stop-token safepoint on every generated backedge",
      "abstract": "This paper evaluates bounded x86-64 native lowering for an eligible typed loop in the Gray language runtime. Historical profiling of Gray's sustained interpreter path recorded approximately 6.91 billion retired instructions and 1.60 billion branches with only 78,503 branch misses, indicating that dispatch and instruction volume, rather than branch-prediction failure, dominated the workload. The intervention lowers a supported loop to native code while preserving Gray's runtime ABI, source-function identity, structured exits, exact integer result, and cooperative cancellation. Seven interleaved, fresh-process, CPU-pinned measurements of a 100-million-iteration sum produced a native minimum, median, and maximum of 201.846, 210.511, and 259.657 ms. The same function with JIT disabled produced 5,336.574, 5,456.099, and 5,618.863 ms, yielding a 25.918x median end-to-end speedup. Both policies returned exactly 4,999,999,950,000,000. A separate 9-quintillion-iteration diagnostic requested cancellation after 20 ms and required CancelledError; Live JIT, Live VM, Static JIT, Static VM, AddressSanitizer, and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer gates passed. The generated loop performs a stop-token safepoint at every backedge, so the measured native path includes the cooperative-interruption mechanism rather than benchmarking a semantics-stripped loop. The result demonstrates that Gray can remove the dominant bytecode-dispatch cost from an eligible hot region while retaining the runtime behavior needed for safe server operation.",
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        "name": "Annabella Proctor",
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      "date_published": "2026-07-27",
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      "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21759781",
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      "title": "Typed SSA NativeIR for Semantics-Preserving JIT and Static AOT in Gray",
      "subtitle": "A portable compiler backend for Linux x86-64 and Apple Silicon AArch64 execution",
      "abstract": "This paper presents Gray's typed NativeIR, a bounded control-flow representation used to compile a numeric subset of Gray bytecode to native code on both x86-64 and AArch64 architectures. The system introduces typed control-flow graphs, SSA values, Phi nodes, register classes, architecture-specific lowering, and a shared backend path for Live JIT, Static execution, and native executable artifacts. Native calls, structured exits, source identity, deterministic artifacts, cooperative cancellation, and refusal-safe VM fallback are retained as part of the compiler-runtime contract. The result establishes Gray's native execution path as a portable backend rather than a collection of benchmark-specific accelerators, while clearly identifying the current boundary of supported native code.",
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      "date_published": "2026-08-05",
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